Paradigmenwechsel in der Evolutionsbiologie

Vgl. Dobzhansky, T. (1937). Genetics and the Origin of Species (Vol. 11). Columbia University Press; Mayr, E. (1942). Systematics and the origin of species, from the viewpoint of a zoologist. Harvard University Press; Huxley, J. (1942). Evolution. The modern synthesis. Evolution. The Modern Synthesis.

Darwin, C. (2004). On the origin of species, 1859. London: Routledge, 97-98.

Vgl. Woese, C. R., & Goldenfeld, N. (2009). How the microbial world saved evolution from the scylla of molecular biology and the charybdis of the modern synthesis. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 73(1), 14-21.

Vgl. dahingehend Räwel, J. (2017). The Relationship Between Social and Biotic Evolution: The Evolution of Autopoietic Systems. Cybernetics & Human Knowing, 24(1), 33-53.

Vgl. dahingehend die einflussreichen Kritik am "adaptionistischen Programm": Gould, S. J., & Lewontin, R. C. (1979). The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences, 205 (1161), 581-598.

Maturana, H. (1985). Erkennen: Die Organisation und Verkörperung von Wirklichkeit, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, 2. Aufl.: Vieweg, 158.

Vgl. spezifischer: Margulis, L., & Sagan, D. (1986). Microcosmos: Four Billion Years of Evolution from our Microbial Ancestors. New York: Summit.

Mayr, E. (2001). What evolution is. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Vgl. in etablierter Spekulation: Margulis, L., & Fester, R. (Eds.). (1991). Symbiosis as a source of evolutionary innovation: speciation and morphogenesis. Boston: MIT Press.

Mayr, E. (1976). Evolution and the diversity of Life. Selected Essays. Cambridge, Mass. and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University.

Vgl. detaillierter Räwel, J. (2019). The origin of species through system differentiation. Kybernetes, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print.

Vgl. für eine umfassende Theorie sozialer Systeme in diesem Sinne: Niklas, L. (1997). Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp.

vgl. ebd. 413 ff.

ebd. 456 ff.

Räwel, J. (2017). a.a.O.

Vgl. West-Eberhard, M. J. (2005). Developmental plasticity and the origin of species differences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102 (suppl 1), 6543-6549.

Vgl. Kuhn, T. S.(1976). Die Struktur wissenschaftlicher Revolutionen. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp.