Sparta and Baboonery - The Guesswork of Collective Mind (1,200 to 600 b.c.)

Janet F. Werker and Renee N. Desjardins. "Listening to Speech in the 1st year of life: Experiential Influences on Phoneme Perception." Current Directions in Psychological Science, June 1995: 76-81; Janet F. Werker. "Becoming a Native Listener." American Scientist, January-February 1989: 54-59; Janet F. Werker and Richard C. Tees. "The Organization and Reorganization of Human Speech Perception." Annual Review of Neuroscience, 15, 1992: pp. 377-402; J.F. Werker and J.E. Pegg. "Infant speech perception and phonological acquisition." Phonological Development: Research, Models and Implications, edited by C.E. Ferguson, L. Menn, C. Stoel-Gammon: Parkton, MD: York Press, 1992; Janet F. Werker. "Exploring Developmental Changes in Cross-Language Speech Perception." In D. Osherson (Series Editor), An Invitation to Cognitive Science--L. Gleitman and M. Liberman (Volume Editors) Part I: Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995: 87-106; Elizabeth Gould. "The Effects of Adrenal Steroids and Excitatory Input on Neuronal Birth and Survival." In Hormonal Restructuring of the Adult Brain: Basic and Clinical Perspective, edited by Victoria N. Luine, Cheryl F. Harding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 743: 73. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences, 1994; Wise Young and June Kume-Kick, Shlomo Constantini. "Glucorticoid Therapy of Spinal Chord Injury." In Hormonal Restructuring of the Adult Brain: Basic and Clinical Perspective: 247; Steve Nadis. "Kid's Brainpower: Use It or Lose It." Technology Review, November/December, 1993: 19-20; Daniel S. Levine. "Survival of the Synapses." The Sciences, November/December 1988: 51; Thomas Elbert, Christo Pantev, Christian Wienbruch, Brigitte Rockstroh, Edward Taub. "Increased Cortical Representation of the Fingers of the Left Hand in Stringed Players." Science, 13 October 1995: 305-307; Marcia Barinaga. "Watching the Brain Remake Itself." Science, 2 Dec 1994: 1475; A. Pascual-Leone, F. Torres. "Plasticity of the sensorimotor cortex representation of the reading finger in Braille readers." Brain, 116, 1993: 39-52; Constance Holden. "Sensing Music." Science, 13 October 1995: 237; Julius Korein, M.D. "Reality and the Brain: the Beginnings and Endings of the Human Being." In The Reality Club, edited by John Brockman. New York: Lynx Books, 1988: p. 94; J.P. Changeux. The Biology of Mind. Translated by Laurence Garey. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985: 217-218; C. Aoki and P. Siekevitz. "Plasticity in Brain Development." Scientific American, June 1988: 56-64; P.G. Bagnoli, G. Casini, F. Fontanesi, and L. Sebastiani. "Reorganization of visual pathways following posthatching removal of one retina on pigeons." The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 288 1989: 512-527; Koen DePryck. Knowledge, Evolution, and Paradox: The Ontology of Language. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993: 122-125; Eisenberg, L.: "The social construction of the human brain," American Journal of Psychiatry, 1995; 152(11): 1563-1575; Christiana M. Leonard, Linda J. Lombardino, Laurie R. Mercado, Samuel R. Browd, Joshua I. Breier, and O. Frank Agee, "Cerebral Asymmetry and Cognitive Development in Children: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study," Psychological Science, March 1996, p. 93; Goldman-Rakic, P., & Rakic, P. "Experimental modification of gyral patterns;" in N. Geschwind & A.M. Galaburda (Eds.), Cerebral dominance: The biological foundation (pp. 179-192); Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1984; Recanzone, G., C. Schreiner, and M. Merzenich. "Plasticity in the Frequency Representation of Primary Auditory Cortex Following Discrimination Training in Adult Owl Monkeys." Journal of Neuroscience, 13 (1993): 97-103.

Mark 4:25

Hans Kummer. "Two Variations in the Social Organization of Baboons." In Primates: Studies in Adaptation and Variability, edited by Phyllis C. Jay. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968: 293-312.

Hans Kummer. "Two Variations in the Social Organization of Baboons." In Primates: Studies in Adaptation and Variability, edited by Phyllis C. Jay. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968: 304.

Shirley C. Strum. Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. New York: Random House, 1987: 15

Shirley C. Strum. Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. New York: Random House, 1987: 131-133

Shirley C. Strum. Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. New York: Random House, 1987: 137, 173

Shirley C. Strum. Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. New York: Random House, 1987: 182

Shirley C. Strum. Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. New York: Random House, 1987: 173-174

Shirley C. Strum. Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. New York: Random House, 1987: 177

Shirley C. Strum. Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. New York: Random House, 1987: 179

Shirley C. Strum. Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. New York: Random House, 1987: 173

Shirley C. Strum. Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. New York: Random House, 1987: 183

Shirley C. Strum. Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. New York: Random House, 1987: 203-204

Shirley C. Strum. Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. New York: Random House, 1987: 172

Shirley C. Strum. Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. New York: Random House, 1987: 205

Shirley C. Strum. Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. New York: Random House, 1987: 177-178

Shirley C. Strum. Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. New York: Random House, 1987: 249

Historian G.M. Forrest feels that whether Lycurgus was real or not, "the chances are that Sparta...owed her look to one hand." (W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C. New York: W.W. Norton, 1968: 40.) Richard Talbert and Will Durant also lay out evidence which would indicate that the constitution of Sparta was largely shaped by a single man. (Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta. New York: Penguin Books, 1988: 2-3; Will Durant. The Story of Civilization: Part II--The Life of Greece. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1939: 77.)

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 38; Geoffrey Barraclough, editor. The Times Atlas of World History. London: Times Books, 1984: 67, 74.

For the substantial differences in attitude, outlook, and way of life between inland capitals and seacoast centers of trade, see Manuel de Landa. A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History. New York: Zone Books, 1997: 50.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Plutarch on Sparta: 166.

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 38; Geoffrey Barraclough, editor. The Times Atlas of World History. London: Times Books, 1984: 25-27

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 37

Plutarch. Lycurgus. In Plutarch on Sparta: 7-13.

Herodotus. The History of Herodotus. In Library of the Future, 4th Edition, Ver. 5.0. Irvine, CA: World Library, Inc., 1996. CD-Rom.

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 61-68

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 67

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 38

Many of the historians who've written on the topic have pointed out that the Spartan's were always limited, even in their ability to mount extended overland military expeditions, by the fact that they had to watch their backs. W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 39

Four separate towns were enclosed within the Spartan walls - Limnai, Konooura, Pitana, and Mesoa. (W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 42)

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 28

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 45-46

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 30

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 38

Plutarch. Lycurgus. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta.: 36.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 173.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 167.

Plutarch. Lycurgus. In J.M. Moore. Aristotle and Xenophon On Democracy and Oligarchy, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986: 97.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 167

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 173

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 167

J.M. Moore. Aristotle and Xenophon On Democracy and Oligarchy: 94, 96. Moore derives this particular data from Plutarch and Euripides.

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 51-52

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 169

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.:51-52

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 168

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 168

The quote is from one of the few extant fragments of the work of Critias, a part-time sophist, part-time political figure who made a prominent appearance in Plato's dialog Critias.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 169

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 168

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 168

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 169

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 168-9

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta.: 170.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta.: 170-171

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta.: 171.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta.: 171.

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 30; J.M. Moore. Aristotle and Xenophon On Democracy and Oligarchy: 97.

Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 37.

Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 53.