The Weave of Conquest and the Genes of Trade

Frans de Waal. Peacemaking Among Primates. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989: 83.

Shirley C. Strum. Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. New York: Random House, 1987: 131-132.

Frans de Waal. Peacemaking Among Primates: 12. Jane Goodall. In The Shadow of Man. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983 (originally published 1971):86, 113-116.

Leda Cosmides and John Tooby. "Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange." In The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, edited by Jerome H. Barkow, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992: 212.

The multi-thousand mile traditional trade routes over which these treks take place are called the "walkabout." Melville J. Herskovits. 1940. Economic Anthropology: The Economic Life of Primitive Peoples. New York: W.W. Norton, 1965.: 195, 200-203.

Melville J. Herskovits. 1940. Economic Anthropology: The Economic Life of Primitive Peoples. New York: W.W. Norton, 1965.: 161

Melville J. Herskovits. 1940. Economic Anthropology: The Economic Life of Primitive Peoples. New York: W.W. Norton, 1965.: 182

Melville J. Herskovits. 1940. Economic Anthropology: The Economic Life of Primitive Peoples. New York: W.W. Norton, 1965.: 186

Melville J. Herskovits. Economic Anthropology: The Economic Life of Primitive Peoples: 185. Herskovitz is referring to the accounts written by the great Islamic traveller Ibn Battutah, who covered enormous distances in Africa and Asia during the 1300s. For more on Ibn Battuta, see: Ross E. Dunn. The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveller of the 14th Century. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press: 1986.

Robert L. Trivers. "The evolution of reciprocal altruism." Quarterly Review of Biology, 46[4], 1971: 35-57; Henk de Vos, Evelien Zeggelink. "Reciprocal Altruism in Human Social Evolution: The Viability of Reciprocal Altruism With a Preference for 'Old-Helping-Partners'". Evolution and Human Behavior. July 1997; L.A. Dugatkin, M. Mesterton-Gibbons. "Cooperation among unrelated individuals: reciprocal altruism, by-product mutualism and group selection in fishes." Bio Systems. v 37 n 1, 1996; Christopher Stephens. "Modelling Reciprocal Altruism." The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, December 1996; Henk de Vos, Evelien Zeggelink. "The emergence of reciprocal altruism and group-living: an object-oriented simulation model of human social evolution." Social Sciences: Information sur les Sciences Sociales. September 1994. Craig T. Palmer. "Kin-Selection, Reciprocal Altruism, and Information Sharing Among Maine Lobstermen." Ethology and Sociobiology. May 1991. Leda Cosmides and John Tooby. "Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange." In The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, edited by Jerome H. Barkow, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992: 163-228; Elliott Sober and David Sloan Wilson. Unto Others: The evolution and psychology of unselfish behavior. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1988; Howard Bloom. The Lucifer Principle: a scientific expedition into the forces of history. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1995; Howard Bloom. Eine Geschichte des globalen Gehirns. Hanover, Germany: Bollmann Verlag, 1998; Howard Bloom. "Group Selection and the Social Sciences: a New Evolutionary Synthesis." In Research in Biopolitics, vol. 6. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc., in publication; Robert Wright. The Moral Animal: Why we are the way we are: The new science of evolutionary psychology. New York: Vintage Books.

Frans de Waal. Peacemaking Among Primates: 254.

Robert B. Cialdini. Influence: How and Why People Agree on Things. New York: William Morrow and Co., 1984: 31-33. Dennis T. Regan. "Effects of a Favor and Liking on Compliance." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7, 1971: 627-639.

Virginia Morell. "Genes May Link Ancient Eurasians, Native Americans." Science, 24 April 1998: 520.

A.L. Kroeber. The Nature of Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952: 287.

Bronislaw Malinowski. Argonauts of the Western Pacific. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1984 (originally published 1922).

The Norsemen of the Middle Ages, for example, based their society on dairy farming (Heather Pringle. "Death in Norse Greenland." Science, 14 February 1997: 924-926), as did their Indo-European cousins, the Brahmins of India. Like the Brahmins - who were remnants of Indo European conquering expeditions--the Norsemen outlawed killing dairy cattle.

Manuel de Landa. A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History. New York: Zone Books, 1997: 142. William H. Durham. Coevolution: Genes, Culture, and Human Diversity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991: 283.

Manuel de Landa. A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History. New York: Zone Books, 1997: 114.

Measles is caused by a close relative of the rinderpest-producing paramyxovirus (genus Morbillivirus). A second close relation of the paramyxovirus appears in another post-domestication-era human companion: the dog. Here it manifests itself as distemper.

William H. McNeill. Plagues and Peoples. New York: Anchor Books, 1998 (original edition 1976): 208-224; Jared Diamond. Guns, Germs, and Steel: the Fates of Human Societies. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997; Miguel De Landa. A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History: 132-133.

William Raymond Manchester. The Arms of Krupp, 1587-1968. Boston: Little, Brown, 1968

Albert Speer. Inside the Third Reich--Memoirs, translated from the German by Richard and Clara Winston. New York: Collier Books, 1970; Robert G.L. Waite. The Psychopathic God: Adolph Hitler. New York: New American Library, 1978; David McFarland, editor. The Oxford Companion to Animal Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press: 537-538; Niko Tinbergen. The Herring Gull's World; A Study of the Social Behavior of Birds. New York: Basic Books, 1961.

Scott P. Carroll, et. al. "Genetic differentiation of fitness-associated traits among rapidly evolving populations of soapberry bug." Evolution, 51 (4), 1997: 1182-1188. Kelly Kissane, University of Maryland, personal communication, May 15, 1998.

David Sloan Wilson. "Adaptive genetic variation and human evolutionary psychology." Ethology and Sociobiology, 15, 1994: 219-235.

John Tyler Bonner. The Evolution of Culture in Animals. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983: 83.

Edward O. Wilson. The Insect Societies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971: 337

Thomas D. Seeley. Honeybee Ecology: A Study of Adaptation in Social Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985: 108-118.

Edward O. Wilson. The Insect Societies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971

For a vivid description of Mongol population decimations in East Asia, see: Ki-baik Lee. A New History of Korea. Translated by Edward W. Wagner with Edward J. Shultz. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984: 149.

Daniel J. Boorstin. The Discoverers: A History of Man's Search To Know His World And Himself. New York: Vintage Books, 1985: 124-143; Wolfram Eberhard. A History of China. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977; Morris Rossabi. Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988.

This caught on primarily in the province of Yunnan. (E.N. Anderson. The Food of China. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988: 74.)

In roughly 300 b.c., Kautalya wrote the Arthashastra - a book summarizing the entire body of Indian political science and economics to his day. These quotes are either taken directly or paraphrased from the Arthashastra by Balkrishna Govind Gokhale in his Asoka Maurya, New York: Twayne Publishers, 1966: 56.

Balkrishna Govind Gokhale. Asoka Maurya: 79-80. Geoffrey Parrinder. World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present. New York: Facts on File, 1983: 281, 284.

Manuel de Landa. A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History. New York: Zone Books, 1997: 114-115. Luigi Cavalli Sforza. "Diffusion of Culture and Genes." In Issues in Biological Anthropology, edited by B.J. Williams. Malibu, CA: Undena, 1986: 13-14.

Howard Bloom. "Purebloods: Bloom on the Aryan Myth." SpinOnline. Published electronically on America Online, 1997. Downloadable as of May 1998 at SpinOnline in the "Books: Those Things You Read: On the Page" section. (The author's weekly SpinOnline column was designed to get 20 year olds thinking about subjects in the news from unconventional points of view.)

S. Zuckerman. The Social Life of Monkeys and Apes: Reissue of 1932 Edition together with Postscript. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981; Edward O. Wilson. Sociobiology: The Abridged Edition. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1980; Frans B.M. De Waal and Filippo Aureli. "Conflict Resolution and Distress Alleviation in Monkeys and Apes." In The Integrative Neurobiology of Affiliation, edited by C. Sue Carter, I. Izja Lederhendler, and Brian Kirkpatrick, New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1997: 317-328. Howard Bloom. The Lucifer Principle: a scientific expedition into the forces of history. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1995.