Sparta und das Paviangeschnatter - Der Ratemechanismus des kollektiven Geistes

Janet F. Werker and Renee N. Desjardins. "Listening to Speech in the 1st year of life: Experiential Influences on Phoneme Perception." Current Directions in Psychological Science, June 1995: 76-81; Janet F. Werker. "Becoming a Native Listener." American Scientist, January-February 1989: 54-59; Janet F. Werker and Richard C. Tees. "The Organization and Reorganization of Human Speech Perception." Annual Review of Neuroscience, 15, 1992: pp. 377-402; J.F. Werker and J.E. Pegg. "Infant speech perception and phonological acquisition." Phonological Development: Research, Models and Implications, edited by C.E. Ferguson, L. Menn, C. Stoel-Gammon: Parkton, MD: York Press, 1992; Janet F. Werker. "Exploring Developmental Changes in Cross-Language Speech Perception." In D. Osherson (Series Editor), An Invitation to Cognitive Science--L. Gleitman and M. Liberman (Volume Editors) Part I: Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995: 87-106; Elizabeth Gould. "The Effects of Adrenal Steroids and Excitatory Input on Neuronal Birth and Survival." In Hormonal Restructuring of the Adult Brain: Basic and Clinical Perspective, edited by Victoria N. Luine, Cheryl F. Harding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 743: 73. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences, 1994; Wise Young and June Kume-Kick, Shlomo Constantini. "Glucorticoid Therapy of Spinal Chord Injury." In Hormonal Restructuring of the Adult Brain: Basic and Clinical Perspective: 247; Steve Nadis. "Kid's Brainpower: Use It or Lose It." Technology Review, November/December, 1993: 19-20; Daniel S. Levine. "Survival of the Synapses." The Sciences, November/December 1988: 51; Thomas Elbert, Christo Pantev, Christian Wienbruch, Brigitte Rockstroh, Edward Taub. "Increased Cortical Representation of the Fingers of the Left Hand in Stringed Players." Science, 13 October 1995: 305-307; Marcia Barinaga. "Watching the Brain Remake Itself." Science, 2 Dec 1994: 1475; A. Pascual-Leone, F. Torres. "Plasticity of the sensorimotor cortex representation of the reading finger in Braille readers." Brain, 116, 1993: 39-52; Constance Holden. "Sensing Music." Science, 13 October 1995: 237; Julius Korein, M.D. "Reality and the Brain: the Beginnings and Endings of the Human Being." In The Reality Club, edited by John Brockman. New York: Lynx Books, 1988: p. 94; J.P. Changeux. The Biology of Mind. Translated by Laurence Garey. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985: 217-218; C. Aoki and P. Siekevitz. "Plasticity in Brain Development." Scientific American, June 1988: 56-64; P.G. Bagnoli, G. Casini, F. Fontanesi, and L. Sebastiani. "Reorganization of visual pathways following posthatching removal of one retina on pigeons." The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 288 1989: 512-527; Koen DePryck. Knowledge, Evolution, and Paradox: The Ontology of Language. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993: 122-125; Eisenberg, L.: "The social construction of the human brain," American Journal of Psychiatry, 1995; 152(11): 1563-1575; Christiana M. Leonard, Linda J. Lombardino, Laurie R. Mercado, Samuel R. Browd, Joshua I. Breier, and O. Frank Agee, "Cerebral Asymmetry and Cognitive Development in Children: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study," Psychological Science, March 1996, p. 93; Goldman-Rakic, P., & Rakic, P. "Experimental modification of gyral patterns;" in N. Geschwind & A.M. Galaburda (Eds.), Cerebral dominance: The biological foundation (pp. 179-192); Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1984; Recanzone, G., C. Schreiner, and M. Merzenich. "Plasticity in the Frequency Representation of Primary Auditory Cortex Following Discrimination Training in Adult Owl Monkeys." Journal of Neuroscience, 13 (1993): 97-103.

Mark 4:25

Hans Kummer. "Two Variations in the Social Organization of Baboons." In Primates: Studies in Adaptation and Variability, edited by Phyllis C. Jay. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968: 293-312.

Hans Kummer. "Two Variations in the Social Organization of Baboons." In Primates: Studies in Adaptation and Variability, edited by Phyllis C. Jay. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968: 304.

Shirley C. Strum. Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. New York: Random House, 1987

Der Historiker G.M. Forrest glaubt, daß die Möglichkeit besteht, egal ob es Lykurg wirklich gab oder nicht, daß Sparta sein Aussehen einem einzigen Menschen verdankt." (W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C. New York: W.W. Norton, 1968: 40.) Auch Richard Talbert und Will Durant führen Hinweise dafür auf, daß die Verfassung von Sparta weitgehend von einem Menschen stammt. (Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta. New York: Penguin Books, 1988: 2-3; Will Durant. The Story of Civilization: Part II--The Life of Greece. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1939: 77.)

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 38; Geoffrey Barraclough, editor. The Times Atlas of World History. London: Times Books, 1984: 67,

Die Spartaner wollten nicht einmal auf den Ländereien leben, von denen sie ihren Lebensunterhalt bezogen. Sie blieben innerhalb der Mauern Spartas und holten sich nur ihre Einkünfte.(W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 44.)

Zu den entscheidenden Unterschieden in der Haltung, im Auftreten und im Lebensstil zwischen Hauptstädten im Landesinneren und den Handelszentren am Meer siehe Manuel de Landa: A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History. New York: Zone Books, 1997: 50.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Plutarch on Sparta: 166.

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 25-27.

Die Perioeci waren bürger der Küstenstädte, die Sparta erobert hatte. Diesen Städten wurde eine lokale Autonomie gewährt, aber ihre Außenpolitik stand völlig unter der Kontrolle der Spartaner. Und die Spartaner hatten das Recht, aufsässige Perioeci zu töten. (W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 30-31)

Die Heloten waren vor allem die unterworfenen Menschen von Laconia und dessen Hauptstadt Helos. In Laconia gab es viel fruchtbares Land, und Helos war die Stadt, von der die Heloten wahrscheinlich ihren Namen hatten. (W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 33.)

History of Sparta, p. 37.

Sparta wurde damals von zwei Königen regiert.

Plutarch. Lycurgus. In Plutarch on Sparta: 7-13.

Herodotus. The History of Herodotus. In Library of the Future, 4th Edition, Ver. 5.0. Irvine, CA: World Library, Inc., 1996. CD-Rom.

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 61-68.

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 67

Viele der Historiker, die dieses Thema behandelt haben, haben darauf hingewiesen, daß die Spartaner stets dadurch behindert waren, daß sie ihren Rücken frei halten mußten, auch wenn sie ausgedehnte militärische Expeditionen unternehmen konnten. W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 39.

Vier verschiedene Städte waren von den Mauern Spartas umgeben: Limnai, Konooura, Pitana, and Mesoa. (W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 42)

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 28.

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 45-46.

Plutarch. Lycurgus. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta.: 36.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 173.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 167.

Plutarch. Lycurgus. In J.M. Moore. Aristotle and Xenophon On Democracy and Oligarchy, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986: 97.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 167.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 173.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 173.

J.M. Moore. Aristotle and Xenophon On Democracy and Oligarchy: 94, 96. Moore hat diese Informationen von Plutarch and Euripides übernommen.

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 47.

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 49-50.

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 50.

Das Zitat stammt aus einem der seltenen Fragmente von Kritias, der zeitweise ein Sophist und zeitweise ein Politiker war. Er tritt in Platons Dialog Kritias auf. J.M. Moore. Aristotle and Xenophon On Democracy and Oligarchy: 94.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 169.

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 51-52.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 168.

.Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta.: 168.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta.: 169.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 168-9.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta.: 170.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 170-171.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta.: 171.

Xenophon. Spartan Society. In Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 171.

W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta: 950-192 B.C.: 30; J.M. Moore. Aristotle and Xenophon On Democracy and Oligarchy: 97.

Richard J.A. Talbert, translator. Plutarch on Sparta: 37.